Web Survey Bibliography
Analysts working with data generated by different modes of data collection often want to be sure that their measurements are comparable. If a set of questions is designed to measure the same latent trait, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a useful analytic tool for this purpose. It can be applied to assess, whether properties, such as measurement error, the association between latent traits and questions (measurement invariance) and the means of latent traits, are equivalent across survey modes. We illustrate an application using empirical data from an experiment based on a national probability sample, in which 4048 respondents were randomly assigned to either face-to-face, telephone, mail or web interviewing. Two related traits were measured with three questions respectively, “moral support of the police” and the “obligation to obey”, which form the basis of our CFA model. The association between latent traits and questions was invariant across modes. However, measurement errors differed between modes. In particular, the self-administered modes yielded more reliable indicators than the interviewer modes. Moreover, we find systematic bias between modes on the mean of one of the traits. The effect signs suggest that respondents gave socially desirable answers in the intervieweradministered modes. A particularity of survey modes is that sample compositions are often heterogeneous. If the selective process is correlated with model elements, such as traits, it can bias invariance tests and decrease fit. We illustrate available options to adjust for this problem, for example propensity score methods or covariate adjustment, all based on the use of auxiliary variables, such as socio-demographics. In conclusion, self-administered modes seem to produce measurements of lower quality than interviewer-administered modes with respect to random error and systematic bias. Modes may thus affect both, the error variance and bias of an estimate. An effect can be suspected particularly between interviewer and non-interviewer modes.
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Web survey bibliography - The American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) 67th Annual Conference, 2012 (50)
- Design of Web Questionnaires: Matrix Questions or Single Question Formats ; 2012; de Leeuw, E. D., Hox, J., Klausch, L. T., Roberts, A., de Jongh, A.
- Emerging Techniques of Respondent Engagement: Leveraging Game and Social Mechanics for Mobile Application...; 2012; Lai, J. W., Vanno, L.
- A Direct Comparison of Mobile Versus Online Survey Modes; 2012; Wells, T., Bailey, J., Link, M. W.
- The Reliability and Validity of Alternative Customer Satisfaction Measurement Scales in PC Web and Mobile...; 2012; Chrzan, K., Saunders, T.
- Nonresponse and Mode Effects in a Two-wave Randomized Mode Experiment; 2012; Beach, S., Musa, D.
- Question Order Effect: A Web Survey Experiment with Paradata; 2012; Ye, C., Tourangeau, R.
- Professional Respondents in Internet Panels: Who are They and What Do They Do to Our Data?; 2012; de Leeuw, E. D., Matthijsse, S.
- Using Text-to-Speech (TTS) for Audio-CASI; 2012; Couper, M. P., Kirgis, N., Buageila, S., Berglund, P.
- Using SMS Text Messaging To Collect Time Use Data; 2012; Brenner, P., DeLamater, J.
- A Shot in the Dark: Measurement Influence on Likelihood to Vaccination; 2012; Higgins, W. B., Thomas, R. K.
- Response Anchoring and Polarity Effects on Endorsement and Response Patterns; 2012; Higgins, W. B., Thomas, R. K.
- Update Your Status Lately? – Then Why Not Respond to Our Survey!; 2012; Borie-Holtz, D.
- Effects of Technical Difficulties on Item Nonresponse and Response Favorability in a Mixed-Mode Survey...; 2012; Gibson, J. L.
- Using Mixed-Mode Contacts to Facilitate Participation in Public Agency Client Surveys; 2012; Israel, G. D.
- Demonstration of the International Cross-Time, Cross-System Database; 2012; Miller, D.
- Telephone Status, Attitudes toward Participation in Future Surveys, and Willingness to Join a Local...; 2012; Beach, S., Musa, D.
- Where is Neutral? Using Negativity Biases to Interpret Thermometer Scores; 2012; Soroka, S., Albaugh, Q.
- I Got a Feeling: Comparison of Feeling Thermometers with Verbally Labeled Scales in Attitude Measurement...; 2012; Thomas, R. K., Bremer, J.
- Question or Mode Effects in Mixed-Mode surveys: A Cross-cultural study in the Netherlands, Germany,...; 2012; de Leeuw, E. D., Nicolaas, G., Campanelli, P., Hox, J.
- Using Online Panels for National Surveys of Low Incidence Populations: Findings from the CDC Influenza...; 2012; Boyle, J., Ball, S., Ding, H., Srinath, K. P., Euler, G.
- Using Probability-based On-line Samples to Calibrate Non-probability Opt-in Samples; 2012; DiSogra, C., Cobb, C. L., Chan, E., Dennis, J. M.
- Understanding Smartphone Usage to Take Web Surveys: A Cross Country Analysis; 2012; Stapleton, C.
- Scale Orientation, Number of Scale Points and Grids in Mobile Web Surveys; 2012; Chrzan, K., Saunders, T., Jue, A.
- Use of a 2nd Reminder Mailing, Quick Response Code and Optimized Mobile Survey to Increase Response...; 2012; Cantave, M. A., Gentry, R. J.
- The Effect on Differential Mailing Methodologies on Response Rates: Testing Advanced Notices, Package...; 2012; Pens, Y., Gentry, R. J.
- The River Flows: Comparison of Experimental Effect Replicability with Different Sample Sources; 2012; Thomas, R. K.
- Intensifying the Request: Results from an Experiment on Improving Internet Response Rates for Address...; 2012; Messer, B. L., Dillman, D. A.
- The Persistence of Attentiveness in Web Surveys: A Panel Study; 2012; Berinsky, A., Luks, S., Rivers, D.
- Designing Interactive Interventions in Web Surveys: Humanness, Social Presence and Data Quality; 2012; Zhang, Che.
- The Effect of Mode on Participant Responses to Qualitative Research in Virtual Worlds; 2012; Dipko, S., Billington, C., Brick, P. D.
- The Direction of Rating Scales and Its Influence on Response Behavior in Web Surveys; 2012; Keusch, F.
- Mixed-mode design and Mode Effect in Surveying Military Veterans; 2012; Wang, W., Morin, R., Parker, K.
- Assessing Measurement Equivalence and Bias of Questions in Mixed-mode Surveys Under Controlled Sample...; 2012; Klausch, L. T., Hox, J., Schouten, B.
- Maximizing Survey Participation for Retail Customers by Understanding Survey Mode and Incentive Preferences...; 2012; Cardador, J.
- How Likely?: Comparisons of Behavioral Intention Measurement Validity; 2012; Bremer, J., Thomas, R. K.
- Some Thoughts on a Framework for Statistical Inference from Nonprobability Samples; 2012; Santos, R.
- Addressed-Based Sampling - A Better Sample? Exploring the Benefits of Using Addressed-Based Sampling...; 2012; Ellis, J. M., Rexrode, D. L.
- Data Quality from Low Cost Data Collection Methodologies; 2012; Traugott, M. W.
- A Typology and Review of Web Evaluation Strategies; 2012; Wiggins, B., Romano Bergstrom, J. C., Turner, S.
- Drop-Off Point for Undergraduate Students on a Web-based Alcohol and Tobacco Use Questionnaire; 2012; Mitra, A.
- An Examination of the 2010 Census Be Counted Program and Its Effects on Census Coverage and Duplication...; 2012; Jackson, G. I., Wechter, K. M.
- Dual Frame Sample and Mixed Mode Survey Strategy for Improving Coverage Error; 2012; Tarnai, J., Pfingst, L., Solet, D.
- A Demonstration of a Multi-Platform Mobile Survey Application: SurveyPulseTM, by RTI International; 2012; Roe, D. J., Zhang, Yu., Keating, M.
- Turn that Frown Upside-Down: The Effects of Smiley Faces as Symbolic Language in Self-administered Surveys...; 2012; Libman, A., Smyth, J. D.
- To Weight, or Not to Weight, That is the Question: Survey Weights and Multivariate Analysis; 2012; Young, R., Johnson, D. R.
- Investigating the Impact of the Number of Grid Items on Web Survey Responses; 2012; Guo, F., Nunge, E.
- Effects of Progress Indicators on Short Questionnaires; 2012; Sedley, A., Callegaro, M.
- Open-ended Questions in Web Surveys: One Large vs. Ten Small Boxes; 2012; Keusch, F.
- Effects of Pagination on Short Online Surveys; 2012; Sedley, A., Callegaro, M.
- A Systematic Review of Studies Investigating the Quality of Data Obtained with Online Panels; 2012; Callegaro, M., Villar, A., Krosnick, J. A., Yeager, D. S.